Stiff Goldenrod (Solidago rigida / Oligoneuron rigidum): in winter |
Attracting
butterflies, other pollinators and birds is an important goal for many
gardeners. The challenge is to provide plenty of food throughout the warm
months – as well as some for winter. The
fall-blooming sunflowers are a great way to extend the gardening season – even into
late fall. And one of our favorites is the Stiff Goldenrod. The scientific name
is currently under some debate: this plant is known as either Solidago rigida or Oligoneuron rigidum. The
genus Oligoneuron includes other flat-topped Goldenrods. The name pronunciations are: so-lih-DAH-go RIH-jid-uh and ah-lih-go-NYEW-ron RIH-jid-um.
Stiff Goldenrod is native to much of the United
States and southern Canada, with the exception of the Pacific Coast. In
Colorado, Solidago rigida ssp. humilis grows wild
on the Front Range and Eastern Plains. [1] The more common – and taller - Solidago
rigida ssp.
rigida occurs mostly on the midwestern plains and Eastern U.S.
Solidago rigida is a goldenrod of prairies, meadows and grassy woodland
openings. The soils may be dry or not and range in texture from sandy to loamy.
This hints that Stiff Goldenrod is adaptable to a range of garden conditions. And, contrary to popular belief, Goldenrods do
not cause hay fever (that honor goes to Ragweed, which often blooms at the same
time).
Stiff Goldenrod (Solidago rigida / Oligoneuron rigidum): growth habit |
Stiff Goldenrod is a winter-deciduous perennial. The
plant dies back to a basal rosette, which may remain partly green throughout
the cold season (above). The growth
habit consists of this basal rosette, whose leaves may be up to 8 inches long
and 2 inches wide, and erect flowering stems.
Stiff Goldenrod (Solidago rigida / Oligoneuron rigidum): foliage |
The stout, upright stems begin their growth in spring. Stems are usually 3-5 ft. tall. The stems have alternate, clasping leaves that decrease in size up the stem. The leaves are lance-shaped to elliptical, gray-green and stiff at maturity. The entire plant is covered in stiff hairs, giving leaves and stems a rough texture. Leaves often take on a showy red- or purple hue with the onset of cold weather.
Stiff Goldenrod (Solidago rigida / Oligoneuron rigidum): flowering stalks |
Stiff Goldenrod blooms anytime from August through
October, depending on the weather. It often flowers for about a month in
September or early October in Western Colorado gardens. But the plants remain
showy well into winter.
Stiff Goldenrod (Solidago rigida / Oligoneuron rigidum): note individual flower heads |
The flowers are individually small, in typical
sunflower ‘heads’ (heads have both petal-like ray flowers and central disc
flowers). The flowering heads are bright
yellow and clustered in flat terminal clusters at the ends of the stems (above). The blooming plants are quite showy, with the
yellow clusters rising above other garden foliage (see below). The seeds, with their tufts of light colored
hairs, remain on the plant into early winter.
The seeds are enjoyed by seed-eating birds.
Goldenrods are easy to grow. This one is happy in whatever soil texture
you have, and from pH of 5.0 to over 8. It can be grown in USDA Zones 3-9. Like
most plants in the Sunflower family, Stiff Goldenrod does best in full sun,
although it can be grown in part-shade. And it thrives in medium to dry soils,
so is adaptable to a range of precipitation and irrigation regimens.
Stiff Goldenrod (Solidago rigida / Oligoneuron rigidum): seeds on plant |
This is a ‘well-behaved’ goldenrod, in that it doesn’t
spread by rhizomes. That being said, it does re-seed, sometimes prolifically,
on bare soils. If that’s an issue,
removed the seeds before they ripen. Otherwise, let the birds eat their fill
and remove the seedlings in the spring. We
choose the latter, cutting down the old stalks to 8-24 inches in the spring.
That’s really about all there is to growing Solidago
rigida. Plants
benefit from being divided every 2-3 years. And flowering stalks may need
support in windy gardens. Plants grown
in containers should be fertilized in the spring (recommended dose is fine).
Plants in garden soil likely won’t need any fertilizer. And that’s about it.
Stiff Goldenrod (Solidago rigida / Oligoneuron rigidum): seeds are small |
Stiff
Goldenrod can be started from seed, but it does benefit from winter cold
exposure. Even with that, germination percentage may be low. It’s best to use fresh seed, and we’ve found it
easiest to plant seeds in pots that are over-wintered outdoors. Plant seeds in
late fall to early winter. Barely cover the seeds and be sure to water pots
during dry spells. Seedlings will sprout
as weather warms in spring.
Stiff Goldenrod (Solidago rigida / Oligoneuron rigidum): emerging seedlings |
Stiff Goldenrod (Solidago rigida / Oligoneuron rigidum): seedlings |
All Goldenrods are great habitat plants, and Stiff
Goldenrod is no exception. The flowers attract a wide range of late-season
pollinators, including Honey Bees, native bees, pollinator flies, moths and butterflies. It’s often planted as a source of nectar for
Monarch butterflies. And the pollen is
an important source of food for the young of native bees. For some great pictures of insect visitors
see: Restoring
The Landscape With Native Plants: Native Plant of the Week: Stiff Goldenrod ~
Oligoneuron rigidum (Solidago rigida).
Stiff Goldenrod (Solidago rigida / Oligoneuron rigidum): many pollinators (including Honey bees) love this plant |
The seeds are loved by seed eating birds. The goldfinches
and others go to great lengths to eat the seeds in Mother Nature’s Montrose
Garden (below). The winter stalks also
make great perches for birds.
Stiff Goldenrod (Solidago rigida / Oligoneuron rigidum): finches love the seeds |
Why consider Solidago rigida for your home garden? For many gardeners, the habitat value is
enough of an incentive. Plant them near or in an herb or vegetable garden to
take advantage of the beneficial insects attracted by this plant. Or use as a transition plant between the
garden and more natural areas. You could
even plant it in a large container if space is limited.
Stiff Goldenrod (Solidago rigida / Oligoneuron rigidum): in Mother Nature's Montrose Garden |
Stiff Goldenrod (Solidago rigida / Oligoneuron rigidum): Lovely contrast with Common Ironplant |
We
also love the looks of Stiff Goldenrod. It provides a nice shot of pure yellow
in late season. It looks particularly nice when contrasted with the purples and
blues of late-blooming asters, Azure Blue Sage (Salvia azurea), Common
Ironplant (Vernonia fasciculata), Joe Pye Plant (Eutrochium maculatum)
and Hoary Vervain (Verbena stricta).
We also appreciate the red-purple foliage colors in fall.
Stiff Goldenrod (Solidago rigida / Oligoneuron rigidum): good fall color |
Stiff
Goldenrod is used as a traditional herbal medicine by several native cultures.
[3, 4] Young leaves can be cooked and
eaten as greens (as you would cooked spinach). [5] And yellow, orange and brown dyes can be
obtained from all parts of the plant. [6, 7]
Stiff Goldenrod (Solidago rigida / Oligoneuron rigidum): valued habitat plant |
In
summary, Stiff Goldenrod is an easy-to-grow plant that provides pollinator
habitat through fall and into winter. Plants are showy, providing a spot of
yellow in the fall garden. We heartily
recommend this useful perennial for the home gardener.
Stiff Goldenrod (Solidago rigida / Oligoneuron rigidum): winter |
For a
gardening information sheet see:
For more
pictures of this plant see:
For plant
information sheets on other native plants see: http://nativeplantscsudh.blogspot.com/p/gallery-of-native-plants_17.html
_________________________
1. Ackerfield, J.:
Flora of Colorado. Brit Press, 2015.
4. Goldenrod
Information | Mount Sinai - New York
6. medicinal
herbs: STIFF GOLDENROD - Solidago rigida (naturalmedicinalherbs.net)
7. Making Dye
From Goldenrod Flowers — Cedar Dell Designs
We
welcome your comments (below). You can
also send your questions to: monaturesmontrosegarden@gmail.com